What's the difference between public and private universities?

Public universities: Most students in Germany study at public universities. In most states, bachelor's and consecutive master's programmes have no tuition fees; you only pay a semester contribution (Semesterbeitrag). There are exceptions: Baden-Württemberg and some universities in Bavaria charge tuition to students from outside the EU.

Private universities: They are mostly funded by student fees, which can range from a few thousand to tens of thousands of euros a year. Their advantages are often small classes, more flexible application dates, close links with business and programmes suited to working people.

The most important check: A private institution can only call itself a "university" or "Hochschule", hold exams and award valid degrees if it's state-recognised (staatlich anerkannt). A degree from a recognised private university is legally equal to a public one. The private universities listed on the Hochschulkompass website of the German Rectors' Conference are recognised.

Reputation: Legal equality doesn't mean the same standing with employers. Some private schools are highly respected in their field; others mainly sell expensive programmes to international students. Talk to graduates and check the programme's accreditation.

Residence permit: For a student residence permit, you must be enrolled full-time in a programme at a recognised institution. Distance or part-time programmes usually aren't enough for a student permit. Be careful with institutions that promise a "visa guarantee" or pressure you to decide quickly.

Doctorate: The right to award doctorates generally lies with public universities. If you're thinking of a doctorate later, ask whether your chosen master's qualifies you for one.